Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories ___1___ on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior ___2___ they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through ___3___ with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in ___4___ to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status, ___5___ as a rejection of middle-class values.
Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, ___6___ the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes ___7___ lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are ___8___ to criticism.
Changes in the social structure may indirectly ___9___ juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that ___10___ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment ___11___ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in ___12___ lead more youths into criminal behavior.
Families have also ___13___ changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; ___14___, children are likely to have less supervision at home ___15___ was common in the traditional family ___16___. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates.
Other ___17___ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased ___18___ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing ___19___ of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, ___20___ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.
1. [A] acting[B] relying[C] centerin[D] cementing
2. [A] before[B] unless[C] until[D] because
3. [A] interaction[B] assimilation[C] cooperation[D] consultation
4. [A] return[B] reply[C] reference[D] response
5. [A] or[B] but rather[C] but[D] or else
6. [A] considering[B] ignoring[C] highlighting[D] discarding
7. [A] on[B] in[C] for[D] with
8. [A] immune[B] resistant[C] sensitive[D] subject
9. [A] affect[B] reduce[C] check[D] reflect
10. [A] point[B] lead[C] come[D] amount
11. [A] in general[B] on average[C] by contrast[D] at length
12. [A] case[B] short[C] turn[D] essence
13. [A] survived[B] noticed[C] undertaken[D] experienced
14. [A] contrarily[B] consequently[C] similarly[D] simultaneously
15. [A] than[B] that[C] which[D] as
16. [A] system[B] structure[C] concept[D] heritage
17. [A] assessable[B] identifiable[C] negligible[D] incredible
18. [A] expense[B] restriction[C] allocation[D] availability
19. [A] incidence[B] awareness[C] exposure[D] popularity
20. [A] provided[B] since[C] although[D] supposing
答案和解析
1.[C] centering on 意为：以…为中心/重点”，act on（按照…行事）；rely on（依赖于）；comment on（评论、评述）。
2.[D] because (由于，因为) 引导由or连接着的两个原因状语从句。
3.[A ]interaction (互动) assimilation（同化，吸收）；cooperation（合作）； consultation（咨询）。
4.[D] response (反应，答复) “(in) response (to) …”（对……的行为反应）。
5.[A]or（或者）。空格后as引导的为原因状语，与 in response to 引导的原因状语并列，都是“孩子们犯罪”的原因，用or 连接。
6.[B] ignoring (忽略，忽视) considering （考虑）；highlighting（强调，突出）；discarding（扔掉，抛弃）。
7.[C] for (因为，由于) for lack of 意为“由于缺少…”， on, in, with均不能和 lack搭配使用。
8.[D] subject (易遭受到……)。be subjedt to意为“受…支配；遭受…影响”， be immune to（不易受…影响）； be resistant to（对…有抵制力）。
9.[A] affect (影响)。
10.[B] lead lead to导致， point to（指向）； amount to（总数达……）。
11.[A] in general 一般地，大体上； on average （平均，通常）； by contrast （相比而言）； at length （最后；详尽地；长久地）。
12.[C] (in) turn 反过来。本题答案线索是：社会经济变化→青年失业或难找工作→青年的不满情绪→青年的犯罪。这是一个因果关系的链条。in case（以防万一）； in short（简言之）； in essence（在本质上）。
13.[D] experienced (经历) undertaken（承担；从事）。
14.[B] consequently（结果，因此） contrarily（相反）； simultaneously（同时地）。
15.[A ] than（比）这是比较级“less … than”结构。
16.[B] structure (结构)。
17.[B] identifiable (可辨认的；可看作是相同的)。assessable （可评价或评估的）； negligible （可以忽略的，不予重视的）； incredible （ 难以置信的）。
18.[D] availability (可获得性、可得到性) expense（开支，费用）；restriction（限制，局限）；allocation（分配）。
19.[A] incidence (发生，影响)。Awareness（意识）；exposure（暴露）；popularity（流行）。
20.[C] although (虽然，尽管)。
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